
Kitaab Usool al-Imaan
The book to the right is "Kitaab Usool al-Imaan" (The Book of the Foundations of Faith) and it has been authored collectively by Shaykh Saalih as-Suhaymee, Shaykh Abdur-Razzaaq al-Abbaad, Shaykh Ibraaheem ar-Ruhaylee, and the two Shaykhs, Alee Naasir al-Faqeehee, and Ahmad bin Atiyyah al-Ghaamidee aided in checking it and helping to put it together in its form and sequence. The book was printed by theQur'an printing complex, in the city of Madinah (1421H).The book provides an excellent foundation for knowing and understanding the six pillars of faith (Eemaan), and is great for Muslims and new Muslims, as well as non-Muslims wanting to get a grasp of what Muslims believe (from Muslims themselves!). The content in this article has been based around the relevant section in this book (pp. 9-10) and has been adapted for easier reading. Additional quotes, references and notes may be provided for further benefit and understanding.
Concerning Belief, faith in Allaah
Belief in Allaah, the Mighty and Majestic, is one of the most important of the foundations of Eemaan (belief, faith), and it is the greatest of them in importance. It is the foundation of all the foundations of faith, and its pillar and support. The rest of the foundations of faith branch off from it, are based upon it and return back to it.
Belief in Allaah, the Mighty and Majestic is to believe in His complete singularity and uniqueness (wahdaaniyyah) in:
- His ruboobiyyah (lordship over the creation),
- His uloohiyyah (worthiness to be worshipped),
- His asmaa was-sifaat (names and attributes).
Belief in Allaah is based upon these three foundations, rather the upright [monotheistic] way of life that is Islaam has been called "Tawheed" (Pure Monotheism) because it is based upon [the truth of fact] that Allaah is unique, one, singled out in His dominion (over the creation), His actions, not having any partner therein, and unique, one, singled out in His Essence, His Names and His Attributes, there is no equal or peer for Him, and unique, one, singled out in His worthiness of being worshipped, there is not rival to Him (in His worthiness and right to be worshipped).
From the above it should be known that the Tawheed of the Prophets and Messengers, such as Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad (peace and salutations be upon them all) is divided into three types:
Tawheed ar-Ruboobiyyah: This is affirm that Allaah, the Most High, is the Lord (ar-Rabb) of everything, its owner, its creator, its provider, sustainer. That He gives life, takes life, that He grants all benefit and causes all harm. That he is singled out in responding to calls of distress. All of the affairs belong to Him, and return back to Him and all goodness is in His Hand. He does not have any partner in any of that.Tawheed of Uloohiyyah: This is to single out Allaah with meekness, submission, love, humility, bowing, prostrating, sacrificing, making oath, and all of the various types of worship. He has no partner or rival in His worthiness and right to be worshipped with all the various forms and types of worship.
Tawheed al-Asmaa was-Sifaat: This is to single out Allaah, the Most High, with whatever He named and described Himself with in His Book and upon the tongue of His Prophet (alayhis salaam), and to absolve and purify Him of shortcomings, defects and likeness to the creation in what relates to that which is unique to Him (of Names and Attributes). Further to affirm that Allaah is all-knowing (al-Aleem) of every single thing, that He is all-powerful (al-Qadeer) over everthing, that he is the Ever-Living (al-Hayy), the Self-Established upon which everything else is dependent (al-Qayyum), who is not overtaken by neither sleep nor slumber. He has the penetrative, effective, operative will (in His creation), and far reaching wisdom (in all that He does, decrees and judges, commands and prohibits). That He is all-Hearing (as-Samee') and all-Seeing (al-Baseer), Compassionate (Ra'oof), Merciful (Raheem). He has ascended over the Throne, and possesses all of the dominion (of creation). He is the King, the Master (al-Malik), the Most Pure, Holy (al-Quddoos), The Flawless, the Source of Peace (as-Salaam), the Remover of Fear and Granter of Tranquility (al-Mu'min), The Protecter (al-Muhaimin), The Mighty (al-Azeez), the Compeller, Restorer (al-Jabbaar), the Supremely Great (al-Mutakabbir), free and sublime is He of what they associate with Him (of partners). And all the various other Names and Attributes that He is described with in the Book and the Sunnah.
There are many evidences for each of these aspects of Tawheed in the Book and the Sunnah. The whole of the Qur'an, in its subject matter is regarding Tawheed and its rights, and its recompense, and regarding Shirk (associationism), its people and their recompense.
These three aspects of Tawheed have been pointed out by the Scholars of Islaam, past and present, after a complete, detailed in-depth study of the texts of the Book and the Sunnah, which has led to the realization of the legislative reality that this is the Tawheed (Monotheism) that has been requested from the servants, which is belief and faith in His uniqueness, singularity and oneness in his Lordship (ruboobiyyah), His worthiness of being worshipped (uloohiyyah) alone and in His Names and Attributes. So whoever does not bring all of these affairs collectively, then he has not actualized faith and is not a believer.
Proofs From the Qur'an
The proofs for the above are abundant, we shall mention some prominent ones. First, the very first chapter of the Qur'an.
الْحَمْدُ للّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ. الرَّحْمـنِ الرَّحِيمِ. مَالِكِ يَوْمِ الدِّينِ. إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ 
الْحَمْدُ للّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَAll the praises and thanks be to Allah, the Lord of the worlds (mankind, jinns and all that exists). The Most Beneficent (full of mercy), the Merciful (to His servants). The Only Owner (and the Only Ruling Judge) of the Day of Recompense. You (Alone) we worship, and You (Alone) we ask for help (for each and everything)
In this verse we see affirmation of Allaah's Ruboobiyyah, some of His names, such as ar-Rahmaan, ar-Raheem, al-Maalik (the Owner), and a statement of Tawhid stating that He alone is worshipped and sought for aid.
Then we have the very last chapter of the Qur'an:
قُلْ أَعُوذُ بِرَبِّ النَّاسِ. مَلِكِ النَّاسِ. إِلَهِ النَّاسِ 
Say: "I seek refuge with (Allýh) the Lord of mankind. The King of mankind. The Ilah (deity) of mankind..." (An-Nas 114:3)
Here we have the Ruboobiyyah of Allaah, then a name al-Malik (the King) mentioned in another verse too, and then Uloohiyyah (the deity), and this is an indication of what constitutes Tawhid, of singling Him out as the Lord, as the only deity worthy of worship and in the Beautiful Names (and Lofty Attributes).
So we have the very first chapter, and the very last chapter incorporating the comprehensive Tawhid that is explained in detail in what is between them both of the rest of the Qur'an.
Then there is the saying of Allaah, the Most High:
رَبُّ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَا فَاعْبُدْهُ وَاصْطَبِرْ لِعِبَادَتِهِ هَلْ تَعْلَمُ لَهُ سَمِيًّا 
Lord of the heavens and the earth, and all that is between them, so worship Him (Alone) and be constant and patient in His worship. Do you know of any who is a namesake to Him (meaning one who deserves the like of His Name)? (Maryam 19:65)
So he we see Tawhid mentioned comprehensively, affirmation that He is the Lord of the heavens and the Earth (Ruboobiyyah), the command to worship Him alone and to be patient and steadfast upon that (Uloohiyyah), and the negation of there being any namesake for Him (His uniqueness in His Names and Attributes), and a namesake means one that deserves to have the same name (on account of having the same qualities). So again, we have the mention of Tawhid comprehensively. And then this is found often in the Qur'an, and perhaps this is sufficient for our purposes here.
In Part 1 we established that faith in Allaah consists of singling out Allaah in His actions (Ruboobiyyah) and singling out Allaah in His right to be worshipped (Uloohiyyah) and singling out Allaah in His Names and Attributes (Asmaa was-Sifaat). In this article we want to complete this subject. The first part was related to what we affirm in our belief in Allaah. In this second part, we are going to focus on what we negate from Allaah, or what Allaah has negated for Himself with respect to faith in Him in general.
This is summarised in the negation of eight matters - all of which are found in theQur'an, and we can divide them into two sets of four:
- The negation of a nidd (rival) for Allaah
- The negation of a samiyy (namesake) for Allaah
- The negation of a mithl (likeness) for Allaah
- The negation of an kofu' (equal) for Allaah
- The negation of sole ownership of anything in the creation
- The negation of sharing or partnering with Allaah in ownership of anything in the creation
- The negation of their being any aiders or helpers to Allaah with respect to management of His creation
- The negation of their being any benefit through intercession, except with His permission
The Qur'anic Proofs
Let us know present the proofs for the above, and they are all from the Qur'an and they have been spoken of extensively by the Scholars in the books of Tawhid andaqidah.
The Saying of Allaah, the Most High:
فَلاَ تَجْعَلُواْ لِلّهِ أَندَاداً وَأَنتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ الَّذِي جَعَلَ لَكُمُ الأَرْضَ فِرَاشاً وَالسَّمَاء بِنَاء وَأَنزَلَ مِنَ السَّمَاء مَاء فَأَخْرَجَ بِهِ مِنَ الثَّمَرَاتِ رِزْقاً لَّكُمْ 
And the Saying of Allaah, the Most High:Who has made the earth a resting place for you, and the sky as a canopy, and sent down water (rain) from the sky and brought forth therewith fruits as a provision for you. Then do not set up rivals unto Allaah (in worship) while you know (that He Alone has the right to be worshipped). (Al-Baqarah 2:22)
رَبُّ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَا فَاعْبُدْهُ وَاصْطَبِرْ لِعِبَادَتِهِ هَلْ تَعْلَمُ لَهُ سَمِيًّا 
And the Saying of Allaah, the Most High:Lord of the heavens and the earth, and all that is between them, so worship Him (Alone) and be constant and patient in His worship. Do you know of any who is a namesake to Him (meaning one who deserves the like of His Name)? (Maryam 19:65)
لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ البَصِيرُ 
And the Saying of Allaah, the Most High:There is none [that is] a likeness to Him, and He is the All-Hearer, the All-Seer. (Ash-Shura 42:11)
وَلَمْ يَكُن لَّهُ كُفُوًاأَحَدٌ 
And as for the other four they are mentioned two verses together, and Ibn al-Qayyim (rahimahullaah) has written on this subject, and he has explained that Allaah has invalidated all the roots of Shirk in this passage:And there is none co-equal to Him. (Al-Ikhlas 112:4)
قُلِ ادْعُوا الَّذِينَ زَعَمْتُم مِّن دُونِ اللَّهِ لَا يَمْلِكُونَ مِثْقَالَ ذَرَّةٍ فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَلَا فِي الْأَرْضِ وَمَا لَهُمْ فِيهِمَا مِن شِرْكٍ وَمَا لَهُ مِنْهُم مِّن ظَهِير. وَلَا تَنفَعُ الشَّفَاعَةُ عِندَهُ إِلَّا لِمَنْ أَذِنَ لَهُ حَتَّى إِذَا فُزِّعَ عَن قُلُوبِهِمْ قَالُوا مَاذَا قَالَ رَبُّكُمْ قَالُوا الْحَقَّ وَهُوَ الْعَلِيُّ الْكَبِيرٍُ 
Ibn al-Qayyim has nicely summed this up in his commentary on the verses as occurs in Madaarij us-Saalikeen (1/351):Say: "Call upon those whom you assert (to be associate gods) besides Allaah, they do not possess even the weight of an atom, either in the heavens or on the earth, nor have they any share in either, nor is there for Him any supporterfrom among them. And no intercession profits with Himexcept for him whom He permits. (Saba' 34:22-23)
So in conclusion, there is a rejection of the claim of there being the right of worship for any god or gods upon the (false belief) of them owning something, in its own right, from the creation. This is a refutation of the foundation of the Shirk (paganism) of certain cultures, civilizations and nations, historically and present.Thus, the Mushrik, he takes something as his object of worship on account of what he believes that on account of it he will attain some benefit. And benefit cannot be brought about except from one who has any of these four characteristics:
So, He, the Sublime, negated all of these four levels, in a successive manner, moving from the one that is the highest to the one that is less than it. So he negated dominion, (mulk, i.e. ownership), and partnership (sharikah), and aiding, assisting (mudhaaharah), and intercession (shafaa'ah) which the Mushrik thinks to be so [but in reality it is Shirk]. And then He affirmed the [true, affirmed] intercession in which there is no portion for the Mushrik, and this is the intercession that occurs with His permission.
- Either an owner (maalik) of whatever his worshipper seeks from him
- So if he is not an owner, then he is a partner (shareek) to the owner [in what he owns]
- And if he is not a partner to him [in what he owns], then he isa helper (mu'een) and an aider (dhaheer) to him
- And if he is not an aide and nor a helper, then he is one who intercedes with him (i.e. the owner).
So sufficient is this verse as light, and evidence, and deliverance, and purity in Tawheed, and cutting off the foundations of Shirk, and its underlying roots, for the one who understands it.
Then there is the negation of the claim of the right of worship for deities upon the (false belief) that they share in the ownership of something in the creation (along with Allaah). This is also a refutation of another level of the paganism of certain cultures, civilizations and nations, historically and present.
Then there is the negation of the claim of the right of worship for deities upon the (false belief) that they aid and help Allaah in the regulation and management of His creation. This is a refutation of yet another level of the paganism of certain cultures, civilizations and nations, historically and present.
Finally, there is the negation of the claim of the right of worship for deities upon the (false belief) that they are able to effect intercession independently, on their own right, without the permission of Allaah (for them to intercede) and secondly (what is found in other verses), without their knowledge of Allaah's pleasure with the one for whom they are interceding for. This is a refutation of a further level of the shirk that is found amongst many civilizations, religions and cultures, and is also found amongst those ascribing to Islam.
Summary
Our belief in Allaah is summarized by the affirmation that He, after acknowledging the His existence, is singled out and unique in His actions in creating and regulating the universe (Ruboobiyyah), that He is singled out in the right to be worshipped alone (Uloohiyyah), that He is singled out with His Beautiful Names and Lofty Attributes (Asmaa was-Sifaat). And thereafter, we negate that there is for Him any nidd (rival),samiyy (namesake), mithl (likeness), kofu' (co-equal), or that there is any mulk(ownership) alongside His, or sharikah (partnership) to Him in His dominion, ormudhaaharah (aid, support) for Him in His dominion, or shafaa'ah (intercession) with Him, without His permission and acceptance. And we can take this as a framework for grasping Tawhid and for explaining Tawhid (Monotheism) to others and refuting whatever opposes it of false religion and false worship - and this is what all the Prophets and Messengers called to.
Thus, the Mushrik, he takes something as his object of worship on account of what he believes that on account of it he will attain some benefit. And benefit cannot be brought about except from one who has any of these four characteristics:
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